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What’s a HDI Printed Circuit Board?

HDI stands for High Density Interconnect. HDI PCBs have finer traces and trace spacing, laser drilled micro vias and higher connection pad density. Its two chief advantages are that it permits the use of fine pitch BGAs and it reduces the number of PCB layers required because the finer traces and smaller vias allow more circuitry in a smaller area.

Narrow trace widths mean higher circuit density

At PNC standard PC Board fabrication uses a minimum trace width of 5 mil, with a 5 mil space between traces (5/5mil) PNC’s HDI trace widths can be as narrow as 3 mil with 3 mil spacing.  These finer traces allow 160% more traces in the same real estate. 3/3mil spacing will also allow two traces to escape between pads of a standard BGA, meaning less PCB layers are needed to fan out the pins from the BGA.

Microvias are the enabling technology for HDI

Narrow trace widths used in HDI PC Board are a result of the gradual refinement of photolithography and etching technology.  Microvias on the other hand, are a revolutionary innovation driven by the development of high powered lasers that can be controlled accurately enough to ablate a 3 mil hole through the surface layer of copper and underlying laminate, without damaging the underlying layer of copper.

The minimum hole size for PNC’s laser drilled microvias are 3 mil and the minimum pad diameter for the microvia is 7 mil.  Pads for laser drilled holes can be smaller than for mechanically drilled holes because of the location accuracy of the laser drilled hole.  There is no mechanical deflection of the drill bit to account for.  The laser drilled holes can be fully copper filled and planarized flat, so they can be used as pads for fine pitched BGAs with 0.4mm or smaller spacing. Using microvias as pads allows the signal trace to fan out by going straight down and out to an inner layer of the printed circuit board.

The biggest limitation with microvias is the aspect ratio of the holes.  Where a drilled through hole can have a 10:1 depth to diameter aspect ratio, a laser drill can achieve no more than around a 1:1 aspect ratio.  This means that the smallest microvia can only connect two adjacent copper layers. A larger diameter microvia can penetrate two layers. To connect deeper layers, the designer must stack vias one directly atop another.

Laser drilling of the microvias changes the way PCBs are fabricated and gives the designer flexibility that they do not have with through hole vias.  In a standard drilled PCB, via holes are drilled and plated after the PCB fabrication stack-up is completed.  Because the microvias can only bridge two or three copper layers, the microvias must be drilled and plated at each lamination step.  This means that microvias can be fully buried between layers, stacked or staggered to allow the microvia to connect multiple layers of the stack up.

The major space saving advantage of the microvia technology is that vias can just connect traces that need to be connected, rather than taking up real estate all the way through the PCB the way a through hole via does.

The Printed Circuit Board designers at PNC take advantage of this by locating the power and ground layers at the top of the stack up.  Since all active components access power and ground, sometimes through multiple pins, having the power and ground layers directly below the component layer allows all those connections to be made directly by microvias.  This leaves the component layers and layers beneath the power and ground layers completely unobstructed for signal routing. This has the added advantage of reducing parasitic capacitance because it eliminates the circuit stubs caused by plated through holes.

Two sided boards are typically fabricated with a combination of through holes and microvias.   Though holes can be drilled just through the core, connecting the stacks on the top and bottom of the board from the lowest layer, or through holes can be drilled through the entire stack directly connecting the traces on the top and bottom component layers.

 

HDI PCBs are a necessity when using fine pitched BGAs, but they can also reduce cost on PCBs without fine pitched BGAs because of the reduced layer count.  On your next PCB design, talk to the experts at PNC.  They can help you determine if HDI technology is can reduce your PCB cost by reducing layer count and shrinking the PCB size.

Written by Sam Sangani

Sam Sangani

Sam Sangani is the President & CEO of PNC Inc., a Nutley, NJ based Printed Circuit Board manufacturer. Sam graduated from L. D. Engineering College with a BS Degree in Mechanical Engineering. He also continued his education and graduated from Steven’s Institute of Technology where he acquired a Master’s degree in Computer Science.

After completion of his BS, Sam worked as a QC Manager, for Xerox, Romania and London. He was responsible for the Quality Control of Cable and Wire Harness imports from Romania. After completing his Master’s Degree, he worked as a Senior Programmer with IBM, Tucson, Arizona. Sam was responsible for leading the Mainframe System Programming Team.

In 1997, Sam acquired PNC INC., a Nutley, NJ based PC Board fabrication Shop. From 1997-2013, Sam has made tremendous improvements and changes within PNC INC., as he added many new Products and Technologies in PNC’s portfolio. With his proven track record and leadership, PNC has never had an unprofitable year and has continued its growth yearly since 1997.

His current responsibilities are Strategic Planning, Corporate Management, New Business Ventures, Sales & Marketing, Trade Shows, Professional Services and leading productive teams to achieve peak potential. He has also utilized Lean Management techniques which have built a foundation for PNC’s high-paced growth. Sam also enjoys real-estate investing, web design & SEO, trading stocks, options, futures and Forex markets.

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Printed Circuit Boards

PNC Inc. offers every solution in the PCB arena. This includes design, fabrication, assembly and a number of value-added services. With these capabilities and our facilities around the country, we are able to provide quick-turn prototypes and large-scale production all under the same roof. We pride ourselves on constant improvement and invest millions each year into making sure we have the latest technology to make our processes as efficient as possible.

Contact Adress

  • Location:
    PNC Inc.
    115 East Centre St.
    Nutley, NJ 07110
  • Phone: (973) 284-1600
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