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Printed Circuit Board

Printed Circuit Board Surface Finishes and Their Effects on Solderability and Reliability

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When designing a printed circuit board, selecting the right PCB surface finish is essential to ensure the reliable soldering of components. Different types of PCB surface finishes have different effects on solderability and reliability. The PCB designer and manufacturer should understand the different finishes available and how to use them to maximize the performance of the PCB. We will discuss here the different types of PCB surface finishes available, their effects on solderability and reliability, and tips for selecting the best finish for your project.

Choosing the best surface finish for your application requires careful consideration of several factors. By understanding the properties and benefits of different surface finishes and how they align with your specific needs, you can make a good decision.

The Different Types of PCB Surface Finishes

There are several types of surface finishes to choose from, each with its unique characteristics and benefits.

  1. HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling): This is one of the oldest and most commonly used surface finishes. It involves applying a layer of molten solder to the surface of the PCB and then flattening it using a hot air leveling process. HASL provides a durable and cost-effective surface finish, but it may not be suitable for fine-pitch components. It has some disadvantages such as the formation of solder balls and their thickness, which can cause issues with fine-pitch components.
  2. ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold): ENIG is a popular surface finish for high-density PCBs with fine-pitch components. It involves depositing a thin layer of nickel on the surface of the PCB, followed by a layer of gold. ENIG offers excellent corrosion resistance and solderability, but it is more expensive than other surface finishes.
  1. OSP (Organic Solderability Preservatives): OSP is a thin organic coating applied to the surface of the PCB to protect it from oxidation and other environmental factors. OSP is a cost-effective option in this case, but it may not be as durable as other surface finishes.
  2. Immersion Tin: This surface finish involves depositing a thin layer of tin onto the surface of the PCB. Immersion tin offers good solderability and can be an affordable option for certain applications. However, it may not be suitable for PCBs with high-temperature requirements.
  3. Immersion Silver: This surface finish involves depositing a thin layer of silver onto the surface of the PCB. Immersion silver offers excellent solderability and is a popular option for high-speed PCB designs. However, it can be more expensive than other surface finishes and may not be as durable in harsh environments.

Each type of PCB surface finish has its unique advantages and disadvantages. When selecting a surface finish for your PCB design, consider factors such as the type of PCB components, the operating environment, and the cost.

The Effect of Surface Finish on Solderability

The surface finish of a PCB can have a significant impact on the solderability of the components and the overall reliability of the board. In this section, we will take a closer look at how different surface finishes can affect the solderability of PCBs.

First, you must understand that the surface finish of a PCB refers to the thin layer of material that is applied to the copper pads on the board’s surface. This layer is essential because it protects the copper from oxidation, corrosion, and other forms of damage.

You would see that HASL leaves behind a thick layer of solder on the surface, which can be difficult for small components to bond with and can also lead to uneven solder joints. Moreover, the excess solder can also create short circuits and reduce the board’s overall reliability.

In contrast, the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) surface finish has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ability to provide excellent solderability and reliability. ENIG provides a flat surface for components to bond with. The gold layer is also non-corrosive and has a high resistance to wear and tear.

On the other hand, immersion silver offers good solderability and a relatively low cost compared to ENIG. However, silver is more prone to tarnishing and can cause problems with the board’s reliability over time.

The Effect of Surface Finish on Reliability

The choice of surface finish can significantly impact the longevity and overall performance of the PCB. The surface finish of a PC Board can affect its ability to resist corrosion. Certain surface finishes, such as gold or silver, provide excellent corrosion resistance, ensuring that the PCB remains protected even in harsh environments. On the other hand, some finishes like HASL are prone to corrosion, which can lead to the failure of the circuit board.

The surface finish can impact the electrical performance of the PCB. Some surface finishes have low electrical resistance, which can help to minim ize signal loss. Conversely, finishes that have higher electrical resistance can lead to signal distortion and reduced performance. So, you should consider the electrical requirements of your PCB when selecting a surface finish.

The surface finish can also impact the mechanical durability of the PCB. Certain finishes, such as immersion gold, provide a thin and uniform layer that is less likely to crack or peel during thermal cycling. Other finishes, like OSP, are more susceptible to wear and tear, which can lead to damage to the circuit board.

Overall, the choice of surface finish for your PCB can have a significant impact on its reliability and performance. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each type of finish, you can choose the right finish for your specific application and maximize the longevity and reliability of your circuit board.

How to Choose the Best Surface Finish for Your Application

Now that we have covered the different types of surface finishes and their properties, it’s time to discuss how to choose the best surface finish for your specific PCB application. Here are some factors to consider:

  1. Environment: The first thing to consider is the environment in which the PCB will be operating. If it has to work in a harsh or high-temperature environment, you may want to choose a surface finish that is more durable and resistant to corrosion, such as ENIG or OSP.
  2. 2. Cost: Different surface finishes have different costs, so you need to consider your budget in this case. HASL is the most affordable option, while gold finishes tend to be more expensive.
  3. Solderability: As discussed earlier, you should consider the solderability of the surface finish. Some finishes, such as OSP, require a longer preheat time, while others may require the use of special solder pastes or fluxes. Make sure the surface finish you choose is compatible with your soldering process.
  4. Compatibility with other materials: If you have to assemble the PCB with other components or materials, make sure that the surface finish is compatible with them. For example, some finishes may react negatively with certain solders or coatings.
  5. Electrical properties: Finally, you need to consider the electrical properties of the surface finish. Some finishes, such as gold or silver, offer better conductivity, while others may cause increased resistance.

Ultimately, the choice of surface finish will depend on your specific requirements. If you are unsure which finish is best for your project, you can consult with a professional PCB manufacturer who can guide you through his expert advice.

FAQs

What are Common PCB Surface Finishes?

Some popular surface finishes of printed circuit boards include HSL (Hot Air Solder Leveling), OSP (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), ENIG (Organic Solderability Preservatives), immersion silver, and immersion tin.

What Is The Benefit Of HASL?

HASL is one of the most popular surface finishes due to its versatility. HASL provides good solderability and is suitable for most applications.

What Is The Benefit Of Using ENIG For PCB?

ENIG is corrosion-resistant and provides a flat surface that is perfect for fine-pitch components.

What Is The Benefit Of Using Immersion Silver For PCB?

Immersion silver offers excellent conductivity and is ideal for RF applications.

Which PCB Surface Finish Is Cost-Effective?

HASL is the most affordable surface finish for printed circuit boards.

Final Thoughts

When designing a printed circuit board, one of the most important factors to consider is the selection of the right surface finish. This is because different surface finishes can significantly affect the solderability and reliability of the finished PCB.

Choosing the right surface finish for your PCB can have a significant impact on its solderability and function.  Some finishes, like ENIG, provide excellent solderability and are preferred for applications that require a high degree of reliability. Other finishes, like OSP, can be more difficult to solder and may require extra steps to ensure proper adhesion.

While there are several options available, ENIG has become a popular choice due to its excellent performance and long-term durability. Ultimately, it’s essential to consider your application’s specific requirements and choose a surface finish that meets those needs.

Would like to know more about the PCB surface finishes or pcb assembly? Write us at sales@pnconline.com

The Necessity and Benefits of ECAD-MCAD Collaboration for PCB Design

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When it comes to creating high-quality printed circuit boards, ECAD and MCAD collaboration is essential. PCB designers use ECAD or electronic computer-aided design for the circuit design. Whereas MCAD or mechanical computer-aided design is used for the mechanical design. By combining these two disciplines, PCB design can ensure that their products meet both the electrical and mechanical requirements of the application.

Designers should also conduct thermal and structural analyses to evaluate temperature and stress levels that might affect the performance of the Printed Circuit Board. This information helps designers to determine the optimal placement and routing of the components. It also accounts for any potential constraints caused by physical environmental conditions.

What is ECAD (Electronic Computer-Aided Design)

ECAD stands for Electronic Computer-Aided Design, and it refers to the use of computer software to create electronic designs. You can use ECAD to design components such as integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, and semiconductor devices. With ECAD, engineers can model their circuit designs digitally before they move onto the physical prototyping stage.

ECAD also helps in the automation of various design processes, such as simulations, signal analysis, and device layout. Ultimately, ECAD tools help engineers optimize the design of their circuits to achieve higher performance, faster development cycles, and cost savings.

However, ECAD alone does not provide a complete design solution for PCBs; mechanical elements must be there for the board to function correctly and meet its intended purpose. That’s where MCAD comes in.

What Are The Benefits Of ECAD-MCAD Collaboration? 

ECAD-MCAD collaboration is necessary for successful design. The combination of both software help to improve product development, reduce costs, and increase efficiency. Using the collaboration between ECAD and MCAD to create a comprehensive product design helps to ensure that the finished product will meet all requirements, both mechanical and electrical.

The combination of ECAD and MCAD also helps to minimize development time. By understanding both the electronic and mechanical aspects of the design, engineers can make decisions about components and designs without spending time on redesigns. Moreover, it can help reduce costs by eliminating the need to produce multiple prototypes or use more expensive materials.

Moreover, ECAD-MCAD collaboration can also be beneficial when creating drawings for a PC Board layout. The 3D model created by MCAD provides a better understanding of the overall PCB design and allows engineers to optimize their layouts more effectively. This ensures that the finished product meets all requirements and reduces the development time.

How Does ECAD-MCAD Collaboration Improve Design?

One of the primary benefits of ECAD-MCAD collaboration is that it allows designers to quickly check for any potential interferences between components that could cause problems in the final product. This makes the design process much more efficient since you can detect the problems before they become costly issues down the line.

ECAD-MCAD collaboration also allows designers to accurately predict the performance of the PCB by simulating its behavior in a virtual environment. By running simulations, designers can determine how their design will react to different environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and electrical noise. This helps to ensure that the design will function properly in its intended application.

In addition to providing performance insights, such collaboration can also improve the manufacturability of printed circuit boards. By incorporating mechanical parts into the design, designers can ensure that all components fit together correctly, reducing the need for manual adjustments during production. This not only saves time and money, but it also helps to ensure a higher quality end product.

Such collaboration is essential for producing successful PCB designs. By combining the two design processes, manufacturers can easily create efficient and effective products with minimal risk of failure. With the help of simulation and analysis tools, designers can also accurately predict the performance and manufacturability of their PCBs before committing to full production.

Thermal and Structural CAD-CAE Integration

By combining the ECAD and MCAD, engineers can gain an understanding of how electrical components interact with the physical environment. This is easy to accomplish through CAD-CAE integration, where complex system simulations and analysis are possible by using both ECAD and MCAD data. You can conduct thermal and structural analysis to evaluate temperature and stress levels that might affect the performance of the PCB. This information helps designers to determine the optimal placement and routing of the components. It also helps to explain any potential constraints caused by physical and environmental conditions.

Overall, the ECAD-MCAD collaboration offers improved accuracy, reliability, and efficiency when it comes to designing a PCB. By combining the capabilities of both ECAD and MCAD systems, engineers can create sophisticated designs that will meet both the mechanical and electrical requirements of their applications. Through CAD-CAE integration, designers can also perform tests on the PCB to evaluate its performance in the actual environment. Ultimately, ECAD-MCAD collaboration is essential for successful PCB design.

Collaboration between Altium Designer and Solidworks

If you are looking for an easier and more efficient way to design PCBs, consider combining Altium Designer and SolidWorks. These two powerful tools can help streamline your design process, helping you to create intricate PCBs with greater speed and accuracy. We will discuss how to effectively use Altium Designer and SolidWorks together to optimize your PCB design process.

The Benefits of Using Altium Designer with Solidworks

Using Altium Designer and SolidWorks in tandem can help streamline the PCB design process. Altium Designer is an industry-leading PCB design platform, offers a range of powerful features for the design, simulation, and output of schematic drawings, layouts, and more. SolidWorks is a powerful 3D CAD modeling program that provides tools for creating realistic 3D models of your boards.

By using Altium Designer and SolidWorks together, designers can reduce time spent on the manual entry of data, ensure a greater level of accuracy throughout the design process, and maximize design efficiency. With Altium Designer, you can easily create schematics and layouts based on existing 3D models created in SolidWorks. The software also allows designers to add components directly to the board layout, making it easier to quickly build out complex boards.

Altium Designer also offers advanced simulation capabilities, allowing you to simulate your boards in both static and dynamic scenarios. This makes it easier to troubleshoot potential problems before committing to the physical design. Additionally, the software provides a comprehensive set of tools for generating manufacturing files from the design, making it easy to bring the board into production.

Overall, by combining Altium Designer with SolidWorks, designers can benefit from a faster, more accurate design process with fewer opportunities for errors. This streamlined process can save time and resources during the design process, helping companies get their products to market faster.

How To Set Up The Collaboration Between The Two Software Programs

Setting up a collaboration between Altium Designer and SolidWorks is easy, and it can provide significant benefits to your design process. You should have both programs installed on your computer. Then follow the below steps which will help you set up the collaboration between Altium Designer and SolidWorks:

  • Launch both programs and open the documents that you want to collaborate on.
  • In SolidWorks, go to Tools > Add-Ins > Altium Designer Interface.
  • Click “Connect” to begin the connection process.
  • Select which components of the SolidWorks document you want to export to Altium Designer.
  • In Altium Designer, go to File > Import > 3D Models from SolidWorks.
  • Select the model that you want to import and click “Open”.
  • The model will be imported into Altium Designer and you can begin designing your PCB layout with the imported model.

Using these steps, you can easily set up a collaboration between Altium Designer and SolidWorks, allowing you to streamline your design process and take advantage of the features offered by both programs.

So, such collaboration offers numerous benefits to PCB designers. It helps to create comprehensive product designs that are functional and aesthetically pleasing, while also reducing development time and cost. By utilizing the collaboration between ECAD and MCAD, designers can create better PCB layouts that meet all requirements and optimize the product design process.

Final Thoughts

When it comes to designing printed circuit boards, the collaboration between electrical computer-aided design (ECAD) and mechanical computer-aided design (MCAD) is essential for success. By integrating ECAD and MCAD, engineers can ensure the PCB design is accurate, efficient, and cost-effective.

ECAD provides the electronic schematic diagrams and component placements, while MCAD takes care of the mechanical parts of the design, such as housing dimensions and materials. By combining these two disciplines, the designer can create a complete product that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

Through CAD-CAE integration, designers can also perform tests on the printed circuit board to evaluate its performance in the actual environment. Ultimately, ECAD-MCAD collaboration is essential for successful PCB design.

Would like to know more about the ECAD and MCAD or Circuit board fabrication? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

How To Design A PC Board for a Signal Amplification Device

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Designing a PC Board for a signal amplification device is hard, but with the right knowledge and tools, it is possible to create a successful PCB that meets your requirements. Here, we will provide a step-by-step guide to designing a PCB for a signal amplification device. We will go over the basics of PCB design, discuss the components needed, and explain the design and layout process. So, you will have a better understanding of how to design a PCB for a signal amplification device.

PCB Design Basics

Printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are an essential component of nearly every electronic device. They allow for the reliable transfer of signals and power between components on a small scale, as well as providing a durable platform to mount components securely. But, before you can begin constructing a signal amplification device, it’s important to understand the fundamentals of design. You have to consider two things while designing a PCB, like the physical layout of the components, and the wiring that connects them.

The physical layout consists of the placement of components and their associated mounting holes and standoffs. You have to place them on the board in such a way that maximizes signal integrity and minimizes crosstalk, while also allowing for adequate thermal dissipation. It is essential to pay attention to the location of each component in relation to the other components and make sure that there is enough clearance for proper heat dissipation.

The wiring portion of design involves laying out a printed circuit trace that will transfer signals from one component to another. This requires careful consideration of the desired signal paths, as well as taking into account any electrical noise that may interfere with the intended signal. The trace should be laid out in a way that optimizes the signal transfer, while also minimizing noise and crosstalk.

By taking into account all of these factors, you can create the printed circuit board that you require. This ensures maximum signal integrity, as well as reliability and durability of the device. 

Types of Amplifiers

The classification of the amplifiers depends on the frequency of operation, such as

DC Amplifiers: They amplify signals from zero frequency to about 10 Hz.

Audio Amplifiers: in this case, the input to the audio amplifiers is in the frequency range of 30Hz to about 15 kHz.

Wide-Band Amplifiers: Also known as video amplifiers which work on the input signals of frequencies up to a few MHz. 

RF Amplifiers: In this case, the input signals are in the range of a few kHz to hundreds of MHz.

The Components of a Signal Amplification Device 

When it comes to designing a Printed Circuit Board for a signal amplification device, it’s important to understand what components are necessary for the device to work. Each component has an important role in the signal amplification process and must be included for the device to function correctly. The main components of a signal amplification device include:

A power supply: A power supply is used to provide electricity to the device and can be either an AC or DC source.

Amplifiers: An amplifier is used to increase the amplitude of the incoming signal so that you can hear it clearly or it gets displayed on a monitor.

Transistors: The transistor helps switch the current from the power source to the amplifier, ensuring that the signal is sent efficiently.

Filters: the purpose of the filter is to block any unwanted noise from entering the system, keeping the output clean.

Capacitors: These elements store and release energy, allowing them to control the frequency response of the signal.

Microprocessors: Microprocessors help regulate and control the functions of the device, such as gain control and frequency response.

Connectors:  the connectors allow the user to connect multiple devices, such as an external speaker or microphone.

Each of these components plays an important role in the design of a signal amplification device and must be carefully considered when designing a PCB. You must understand the function of each component and how they interact with each other to create a successful product.

After choosing all of the components, you should consider their placement on the board.

You must place some components close together due to their need for communication while others should be far apart due to interference concerns.

Moreover, you must make sure all of the components are properly grounded to prevent damage or malfunction. You should also choose the right type of trace widths and vias sizes, depending on the application requirements.

After considering all factors, you should test the board layout through simulation tools such as Eagle or else. This will ensure that everything works properly before moving forward with the manufacturing process. Ultimately, the goal should be to produce a well-designed PCB that meets all the requirements of the application while also providing reliable performance.

Putting It Altogether

Once you have all of the components for your signal amplification device, you’re ready to design the printed circuit board. A PCB is a physical platform that connects all the components. It’s like a mini city with streets and highways that power and information flow through. Designing a PCB can be tricky and requires both artistic vision and technical knowledge.

The first step in designing a PCB is to create a schematic of how all the components will be connected. This is like a map of how everything will fit together. Once you have the schematic in place, you can begin to draw out the layout of the board. This involves mapping out where each component will be placed and which wires will connect them.

After the layout design, it’s time to think about how to optimize the layout. This involves considering factors like signal integrity, power delivery, and heat management. In other words, this is where you make sure your board won’t suffer from electrical interference, has enough power for all its components, and doesn’t overheat.

Finally, you’ll want to add additional features such as LEDs or connectors. Once the design is complete, it’s time to transfer it to a physical PCB. You can do it in a variety of methods such as etching or milling.

Designing a PCB for a signal amplification device isn’t easy. It requires knowledge of both electronics and PCB design techniques. However, if you do it correctly, it can be a rewarding process with great results.

Now you’re ready to go ahead and fabricate your PCB. To do this, start by uploading the completed design onto a computer-aided design or CAD software. Using these tools, you can adjust any last-minute details before sending the files off to a PCB Manufacturer.

Depending on what kind of board you are making, there are several different ways to fabricate the board – from DIY etching kits to professional fabrication services.

After submitting the necessary files, you’ll have to wait a few days for fabrication and then again for shipping. Depending on whom you ordered from, you may also need to purchase components separately and solder them onto the board yourself. For larger projects, some companies offer full assembly services so all you need to do is plug in the finished board when it arrives.

When assembling the board yourself, remember that proper soldering technique is key. If your soldering job isn’t up to par, it could lead to unreliable performance down the line.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is An Amplifier?

An electronic device that can enhance the power of a signal or current is known as an amplifier.

What Is Signal Amplification In PCB?

The PCB of a signal amplification device enhances signals and maintains frequency. The circuit board turns analog signals into waves, making use of high saturation.

How Many Types Of Amplifiers Are There? 

The types of amplifiers include DC amplifiers, audio amplifiers, wide-band amplifiers, and RF amplifiers

What Are The Main Elements Of A Signal Amplification Device?

The main elements of a signal amplification device include a power supply, amplifier, transistors, filters, microprocessors, capacitors, and connectors.

Final Thoughts

A PCB of a signal amplification device helps in a reliable transfer of signals and power between components on a small scale, as well as providing a durable platform to mount components securely. Before constructing a signal amplification device, you must understand the fundamentals of PCB design. You have to consider two things while designing a PCB, like the physical layout of the components, and the wiring that connects them. The physical layout consists of the placement of components and their associated mounting holes and standoffs.

Moreover, it’s important to understand what components are necessary for the device to work. Each component has an important role in the signal amplification process and must be included for the device to function correctly. Designing a PCB for a signal amplification device isn’t easy. It requires knowledge of both electronics and PCB design techniques. However, if you do it correctly, it can be a rewarding process with great results.

Would like to know more about the Design of a Signal Amplification Device or printed circuit board assembly? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

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Ensuring a successful Turnkey PCB Assembly project

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There are many detailed factors involved when pursuing the right company for your electronic or PCB assembly needs. These factors can be broken down into two distinct areas, customer communication and supplier contract review. Either the customer or the supplier cannot afford time lost if there is a misunderstanding or lack of data to efficiently and effectively produce a quality product on time. Time spent up front makes for a smooth and efficient transition through the quoting and manufacturing process.

Customer communication

A majority of communications for a request for quote, RFQ’s, in today’s industry are via email. The email needs to contain the required data files and be clear and concise in regard to quantities and delivery dates, along with any details that are not stated on the fabrication/assembly drawings. Since we are talking about Printed Circuit Board Assembly Turnkey projects, let’s break this down further with the required data files for PCB and PCBA.

PCB data files:

1- Fab drawing with build details such as material type, thickness, Copper weight, Tg rating, IPC-A-600 Class, Stack-up, Drill Chart, LPI & silk screen color, Serialization, Panelization array, MIL Spec, final finish and type(RoHs/Non RoHs) etc.
2- Complete set of gerber files.
3- Drill files.
4- IPC-356 Netlist for electrical testing.
5- Read me file for additional information not stated in fabrication drawing or email.

PCB Assembly data files:

1- BOM with manufacturers part number/description and alternates if applicable or DNP’s.
2- Assembly drawing with build details, Solder paste requirements, torque specs, IPC-A-610 Class, DNP’s, serialization, etc.
3- Pick & Place file.
4- ICT or Probe testing if applicable.
5- Functional test procedure if applicable.
6- Read me file additional information not stated in fabrication drawing or email.
If all the required information and data files are complete, we have successfully met the first half of the RFQ process. With this in mind, it’s up to us to compile this information in our contract review process. Let’s take a look at what is processed on our end to complete the RFQ cycle.

Supplier Contract review

All incoming turnkey projects are given an internal number for uniqueness especially for part numbers that has been revised. They are stored in a secure file folder based on two groups of data. ITAR data is stored separately than non-ITAR data. Once the customers data is stored and secure, engineering is notified to start to contract review process for the PCB and PCBA data sets.

Contract review for PCB:

1- Gerber files are imported and overlaid into correct layer structure.
2- Drill files are imported and overlaid against the gerbers.
3- If there is no IPC-356 Net list file, we extract the net from the gerber.
4- The gerbers are ran through a design rule check for manufacturability.
5- Fab drawing is reviewed by engineering for manufacturing capability.
6- If any discrepancies are determined, customer is notified immediately, If no discrepancies, engineering hands off the internal contract review check sheet to customer service.

Contract review for PCB Assembly:

1- BOM is scrubbed to ensure all parts are identified by manufacturer and P/N.
2- BOM parts stock research from approved vendor list.
3- Assembly drawing reviewed by engineering for assembly capability.
4- Pick & Place file review.
5- Review for testing if applicable.
6- If any discrepancies are determined, customer is notified immediately, If no discrepancies, engineering notifies customer service.
7- Quoting team is notified to officially create the quote and send to customer.
Customer communication and supplier contract review is a relatively simple step in order to achieve and ensure a successful assembly turnkey project. Adhering to the steps above can make for a great partnership.