Tag Archives: Printed Circuit Board

Printed Circuit Board FR4 Material

Printed Circuit Board FR4 Material

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FR4 is a blend of fiberglass and epoxy resin, and manufacturers also call it a composite material. It resists flame and is highly used for PCBs as a substrate or base layer. FR4 circuit boards are now used instead of G10 boards due to their properties.

FR is also a great electrical insulator because it is completely water-resistant which means it does not absorb a little drop of water. Such qualities mechanically make it very strong and it maintains its qualities in all kinds of weather, including humid, hot, and dry weather.

Properties of FR4

FR4 is an inflammable material, and it is UL94V-0 compliant which means it does not spread fire, instead, it stops fire the moment the material starts burning. It has bromine that resists fire and does not absorb water as described above.
Moreover,the glass transition temperature is very high ranging from 115 to 2000 degrees Celsius, depending on the type of the resin and manufacturing method.Mostly such PCBs FR4 lies between the two layers of copper laminates.

Types of FR4 Material

FR4 material has different types, such as:
Standard FR4: Its heat resistance goes up to 140-a50 degrees Celsius.
High CTI FR4: The index of this type of FR4 goes beyond 600V.
High TG FR4: It has a high-glass transition value, such as 180 degrees Celsius.
FR4 without copper: This type of FR4 is suitable for insulating plates, and it can support the circuit board.

How To Choose The FR4 Thickness

FR4 thickness should be decided carefully as it contributes a lot to the applications of different PCBs. You should consider the following things in this case:

  • Design and flexibility
  • FR4 thickness should be compatible with components
  • It should not take much space on a PCB
  • Focus on the type of desired connections

Advantages of FR4

FR4 is cheaper than other substrates of circuit boards which makes it a standard material to develop small circuit boards. But, it is not good for high-frequency circuits or where the parts are suitable for flexible circuit boards.
FR4 is often suitable for RF applications with a frequency from 1GHz to 10 GHz. However, electric products having an FR4 have some disadvantages due to certain limitations.
FR4 material is one of the most popular choices for printed circuit boards because it offers a high degree of strength and rigidity. This means that your PCBoard will be less likely to warp or bend over time, which can lead to reliability issues. As already mentioned, FR4 material has excellent thermal stability, meaning it can withstand high temperatures without breaking down. This makes it ideal for use in harsh environments or in applications where heat dissipation is a concern.
As FR4 material is one of the most affordable materials on the market, which makes it is a great option for businesses on a budget. In addition to being cost-effective, FR4 material is also easy to work with, which can save time and money during the manufacturing process. It can be machined in a variety of ways, including deep draw and laser cutting, so customers are not limited in their design options
FR4 material is a great choice for PCBs because it offers good electromagnetic shielding. This means that it can help protect your circuit from outside interference. Additionally, FR4 is flame retardant, which makes it a safer option for use in electronic devices. It’s also strong and durable, so you can trust that your PCB will last for years to come.
It’s important to note that there are many different grades of FR4 material with different properties, so make sure you know what you need before ordering.

Some things worth considering when choosing an FR4 grade include: whether the PCB needs to support weight, how sensitive the device will be to temperature changes, how strong it needs to be, and how much flexibility is required.

Understanding PCB and Its Materials

Printed circuit boards manufacturers involve many steps, including design and finishing, leading to a huge production. Printed Circuit Board designers and engineers should consider the material in terms of its properties and applications. They should have it in Gerber files before sending the PCB design for manufacturing. In other words, PCB material determines the end product. Various PCB materials include the FR4, Teflon, PTFE, etc.
PCB substrates are made of phenolic and proxies, whereas PTFE is more costly than all others. Different PCB materials are available in the market, and you should choose them according to your needs.

Types of PCB Materials

Mostly PCB has four layers which are made one by laminating through a heating process. Each layer hasa specific PCB function and needs a specific material. PCB designersshould have full knowledge of materials in terms of their properties which should be suitable for specific applications.The end product with PCB is a specific device that needs a specific material, so it is a crucial factor.
PCB is composed of different materials from the base to the top, including copper, substrate or base layer, copper, solder mask, and silkscreen.
The subsequent layer of PCB is copper which is placed and bonded over a base material with heat and adhesive. The thickness of the copper layer is used according to the PCB and its application. Like, you can make it in one or two layers, depending on your needs. Mostly, cheap devices or gadgets have PCBs with a single layer of copper.
Like FR4, copper used in the circuit boards has different types in terms of resin, such as PF resin, epoxy resin, and polyester resin.
On the other hand, the silkscreen layer helps make marks or letters for programmers to read on a printed circuit board. The layer below a silkscreen is a solder mask and don’t forget to read our special post on solder masks.You can choose PCB materials by yourself or through an expert.

What is the FR4 Trace?

FR4 thickness is often 1oz,2oz, or 3oz, and the copper layer can be populated according to the design. It is also tested against the UV rays before removing the chemical solution to have correct copper traces which connect different parts on the FR4 PCB.
FR4 PCB trace can have signal issuesdue to mismatcheddriver’s and receiver’s impedance. Such an incompatibility results in bumps on the layer that reflects signals at a receiver’s end, sending them back to the copper trace.
The signal reflection that occurs due to mismatched impedance can affect the signal integrity. So, as a thumb rule, you should be careful, especially if the edge rate is lower than 1/6 of the propagation gap or delay in the copper trace’s length.
In the case of copper trace, signals occur 1 inch in 6 ns. You must take care of measurements to manage the impedance, especially if the edge rate is 1ns, whereas the copper trace is larger than one inch.

Printed Circuit Board FR4 Material
Printed Circuit Board FR4 Material

How To Manage The FR4 Trace Impedance

  • You can use resistive matching to make the driver and receiver’s impedance compatible. Such a technique involves a resistor having a value according to the source impedance. The resistive is set parallel with the receiver or in a series, depending on the requirements.
  • Some other techniques also help in this case, minimizing the signal reflection. A long PCB trace causes high-signal reflection. So, you can also reduce the trace length in a circuit board to overcome the signal reflection.
  • A signal’s return path is also important in this case because impedance can happen anywhere, including the signal trace or returning path.
  • If PCB has high-frequency signals, you should route the traces on the plane of a returning path. But, don’t route signals on a split plane because it would result in a discontinued impedance.
  • You must use advanced PCB design or analysis techniques to get precise results. The tools should possess advanced simulation.

Wrap Up

FR4 material is the standard fiberglass laminate that you’ll find in all PCBs (printed circuit boards). It has many uses, and each one will likely have its own set of requirements for using FR4 material. You’ll need to keep your specifications in mind when looking at FR4-based materials, but this will give you a good idea of what kind of FR4 laminates are available on the market today.
The FR4 board can be easily cut with a knife or saw and drilled through using a drill press or electric drill. You can even shape it using files or sandpaper if you need to, which makes it versatile as well as economical. So if you’re looking for high-quality circuitry in your next project, take a good look at what this particular type of PCB has to offer before making any decisions.
Would like to know more about the FR4 material or PC Board assembly? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

PC Board Color- Choosing Your Desired Color

PC Board Color- Choosing Your Desired Color

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PC Board come up in different colors of which a green solder mask is the most common one. You will see most circuit boards with green solder masks. But, the industry is getting innovative due to changing technologies, so designers try new colors to make printed circuit boards.

PCB Solder Mask

Before getting into PCB colors, you should know what the solder mask is? The printed circuit board has different layers, and the top layer is the solder mask, whereas the bottom layer is the copper foil. The purpose of the solder mask is to cover the bottom layer from getting polluted or oxidized. The main material of solder masks is often the insulating resin which is printed on the circuit board’s unsoldered areas. The resin protects the board from heat, moisture, and any kind of damage.

Printed Circuit board Fabrication

You can customize a circuit board in terms of solder masks and other elements. According to research, 99% of solder masks are green. However, other colors are also emerging, such as red, black, white, yellow, blue, and purple. These colors are used for different applications. Such as RDs at the NPI stage are often made red. Whereas white is used for LED light circuit boards.
Each PCB color has some good and bad aspects that we will discuss here.We will also help you choose the right PCB color according to your application. Let’s start with the colorgreen.

Green Solder Mask In PCB

Though many colors are there, the green solder mask is still at the top as it helps to visually inspect the PCB to find any defects. Moreover, green makes a good contrast with the white silkscreen, helping you to remove the flux residue. If you don’t know how to select a color for the solder mask, go for green right away.

PC Board Color- Choosing Your Desired Color
PC Board Color

Red Solder Mask In PCB

Red is another color for PCB solder masks,and it adds brightness to the PCB. Red has a nice contrast with planes, areas without copper, and traces. However, the contrast is less than a green circuit board.
You may need a magnifier to find any defects in the traces. However, the red solder mask is compatible with screen printing and also helps remove residual flex like a green solder mask.Red also enhances a device if the circuit board is visible.

Blue Solder Mask In PCB

PCB with a dark blue solder mask is also popular. It hasless contrast with the planes, traces, and no-copper surfaces.Hence,you have to use a magnifying glass to inspect the construction defects. But, it has a high contrast with screen printing that makes blue suitable for a PCB with several components.
But, blue is less clear than green and red, and it highlights the dirt that makes it hard to remove the flux residue. A bluesolder mask is ideal for boards with hidden routes. It is also compatible with Arduino open-source tasks or products.

Black Solder Mask In PCB

A black solder mask is not so ideal in terms of inspection, as planes, traces, and no-copper surfaces have less contrast. Other than a strong magnifier, you also have to rotate the light to create a shadow to highlight the trace.
However, there is a good contrast of screen printing, and it’s visible on the board without any lights and so are the pads.But,the black solder mask has a high heat absorption during reflow. You have to place a temperature checker near the board while manufacturing. Moreover, the screen printing gets light brown during reflow due to the board’s high heat absorption.
The dirt also gets more prominent on the black surface, making it hard to clean. That’s why the manufacturing of a black PCB board involves more cost than other colors. On the other hand, black is ideal for LCD panels.
The black solder mask has two types, including matte and gloss of which matte black contrast is better than the glassy black.However, a black solder mask gets soiled and it becomes hard to repair it.

White Solder Mask in PCB

White solder masks have the lowest contrast than other colors, and placement of the marks becomeshard evenif they are under lighting. Whereas the cleaning of a white Printed Circuit Board is so difficult that you can’t imagine. You have to do so much effort to remove the stains from a white PCB.
However, it has some benefits as black printing on a white PCB creates a good contrast. You can use a white solder mask in LED applications where the front panel has to be white to increase the brightness.

Yellow Solder Mask in PCB

Yellow PCB is as good as green because there is a high contrast between theplanes, traces, and no-copper surfaces. You can use the dark yellow mask to enhance the routes, making them prominent.
There is one disadvantage of using a yellow solder maskand that is it’s less contrast with the white silkscreen. Many manufacturers prefer a black silkscreen with a yellow solder mask, even though it is less satisfactory.
It is easy to clean the residue from a yellow solder mask.So, yellow can be a great choice even though some people don’t like a lively color like this.

Purple Solder Mask in PCB

Purple PCBs are rare, however, advanced devices can have such boards. Purple has good contrast with the traces and planes. However, it does not go well with white silk printing. But, a purple solder mask would look great with an immersion gold surface, creating a good match.
So, you can choose any of the above colors to customize your PCB, depending on your requirements.
Why Should You Use Different PCB Colors?
It is not enough to know that PCB has different colors, because one should also know its reason. There are a few reasons behind using different PCB colors instead of just green, such as:

  • Different PCB colors help engineers indicate the revisions and changes to help users recognize them.
  • The application of other colors in PCBs can create better contrast. You have to understand the importance of the assembly tools in terms of transmission light, reflectance, and absorption.
  • Different PCB colors can reduce the errors caused by a mixed assembly. Moreover, the contrasting colors help decrease lead-free meetings.
  • The colors of the printed circuit boards are known as PCB codes. You would see modern PCBs in different colors compared to traditional boards. Even today, the PCmotherboard’s color is green epoxy because of its qualities
  • Though the colors of the PCB solder mask don’t influence a board’s performance, they can enhance its resolution. However, solder masks with clear transparency have a high resolution. The yellow and black PCB resolution is less than other colors like green, red, and purple.

Hope the above discussion helped you understand different PCB colors along with their advantages and disadvantages.

FAQs

What Is PCB Solder Mask?
The printed circuit board has different layers, and the top layer is the solder mask, whereas the bottom layer is the copper foil.
How Many PCB Colors Are There?
PCB comes up in several colors, such as green, red, black, white, yellow, blue, and purple.
What Is the Green Solder Mask?
The green solder mask makes a good contrast with the white silkscreen, helping you to remove the flux residue.
Is Red Solder Mask In PCB Effective?
Yes,the red solder mask has a nice contrast with planes, areas without copper, and traces.
What Is The Reason Behind Different PCB Colors?
Different PCB colors help engineers indicate the revisions and changes to help users recognize them. They reduce the errors caused by a mixed assembly. Moreover, the contrasting colors help decrease lead-free meetings.
Why Engineers Don’t Prefer Black Solder Mask?
A black solder mask is not so ideal in terms of inspection, as planes, traces, and no-copper surfaces have less contrast. Moreover, it gets dirty and is hard to clean.
Where Can I Use A Purple PCB?
The purple solder mask is compatible with an immersion gold surface, as both match very well.

Wrap Up

The green solder mask is the most common in circuit boards due to its high contrasting ability. The purpose of the solder mask is to cover the bottom layer from getting polluted or oxidized. The main material of solder masks is often the insulating resin which protects the board from heat, moisture, and any kind of damage.
Many users customize a circuit board in terms of solder masks and other elements. You will see various PCB colors in different applications, such as RDs, LEDs, PCs, etc.
Would like to know more about PCB Colors or smt assembly? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

PCB Design

Understanding the PCB Design for Half Adder

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Multiple circuits’ combination involves various logic gates to create a multiplexer, encoder, de-multiplexer, and decoder. Such circuits have certain qualities, such as the circuit’s output more depends on the levels which are present at the input terminal.
Such a circuit lacks memory, and the previous input can’t influence the current input. The combined circuits consist of inputs and outputs.
A half adder is an electronic circuit that adds two binary numbers. So, two single binary numbers act as adders in this case. It can return the carry and the output, and the representation in practice involves the XOR and AND logic gates. There are two inputs in a half adder circuit, including A and B, generating the Sum and Carry. So, the number of outputs is also two in this case, like S and C.

Types of Combinational Circuits

  • Half adder
  • Full adder
  • Encoder
  • Subtractor
  • Decoder
  • Multiplexer
  • De-multiplexer

Understanding The Half Adder

Half adder is a digital circuit in PCB that provides an addition to binary numbers. In a half adder, a number’s weight is based on the binary digits’ position. The binary numbers are only from 0 to 1 of which 1 acts as the largest number and 0 as a smaller digit.
The two inputs of the half adder generate two outputs, so it is the simplest electronic circuit in the PCB. The inputs A and B are the bits where addition is required, whereas the Sum and Carry are the outputs abbreviated as S and C.

Half Adder Explained

The half adder circuit has two gates, including XOR and AND, and both have the same inputs. However, each gate generates the output, like XOR generates the Sum and AND generates Carry.

Half Adder Facts

According to engineers’ calculations if both ‘A and B’ inputs are 0, then both outputs like S and C would be 0.
However, if any of the input is 1, then the S or sum will be 1, but the C or carry will be 0.
However, if both A and B inputs are 1, then the S or sum will be 0, and the C or carry will be 1.
The half adder in a PCB performs additions according to the inputs applied.

2-Bit Half Adder

You can have the following combinations, such as

0+0=0

0+1=1

1+0=1

1+1=10

In this equation, 1+1=10, but it should be 2-bit output if rewritten, such as

0+0=00

0+1=01

1+0=01

1+1=10

In this case, the normal output is the Sum, whereas you should consider Carry as a carry-out. It is easy to implement a 1-bit adder through an XOR gate.
If you want to add two 8-bit, you can do it through the full adder because the half adder is suitable for the addition of one binary digit.
For two-binary digits, you will have to reduce the truth table. But, for a three-binary digit adder, the process of addition through a half adder should be done twice. Likewise, a four-digit adder involves another repetition of the half adder addition.
The entire process shows that it is easy to implement, but it takes lots of time.

Half-Adder IC

You can implement the half adder by using the high-speed CMOS digital and logic-based Printed Circuit Board.

Understanding Equation

It is easy to identify the equation of the half adder PCBs through two concepts, such as the Sum of Products, SOP, and the Products of sum, POS. The Boolean system of such PCBs helps find the relations between the inputs applied and the generated outputs.
Designers draw the K maps to find the equation and the maps are based on the facts. The k map has two equations, as it has two logic gates.

The K map for the Carry brings the below facts.
C=A.B
Whereas the K map for the Sum or XOR brings
S= A⊕ B

Applications of A Half-Adder PCB

The basic half adder has several applications, such:

  • It offers additions on the binary bits, and the logic unit and arithmetic lying in the computer need a half-adder circuit.
  • The half adder circuits when combined can produce full-adder circuits.
  • Such logic of half-adder circuits helps in designing calculators. So, the PCB in a calculator prefers a half-adder circuit.
  • The half-adder circuit also helps calculate tables and addresses.
  • Other than additions, the half-adder circuits can also handle different digital circuits’ applications. So, you can consider it a vital part of digital electronics.

Implementing The Half Adder Through An NOR Gate: NOR is a universal gate that helps implement a half adder.

Implementing The Half Adder Through NAND Gate

The NAND is also a universal gate that shows that you can design any type of PC Board through NAND gates. In this type, the carry output is produced through one NAND gate’s output being applied to the input which is another NAND gate. The second NAND gate is AND-gate generated output.

The Sum’s output equation can be produced through the output of the initial NAND, but with A and B inputs. In the end, the outputs generated by the NAND gates are again tried on the gate, producing the Sum’s output.
Hence, the standard adder in a digital PCB is easy to design through different logic gates. However, the addition of multiple bits is hard and it becomes a half-adder’s limitation.

Understanding A Full Adder PCB

The full-adder circuit includes three inputs, such as A, B, and C which add three numbers for input, generating the Carry and Sum. Whereas the number of the outputs is two. The main reason for half and full adders is the addition.
If Carry is produced through a previous addition, you can add it to another, unlike a half adder.

Difference Between A Half And Full Adder

A full adder involves two AND gates, two OR, and two EX-OR gates. Full adder is applicable in digital processors, and additions of several bits.
You have to combine two logic gates for PCB design with a half adder. But, a full adder consists of three gates.
Half adder is required in the electronic devices to calculate additions. But, the full adder is applied to the digital processors to add a long bit.
You can have a high output in full adders. Moreover, they involve a high speed and are very powerful in supplying voltage.
Full adder is also suitable for GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit.
How Are Half Adder And Full Adder Similar?
Half adder and full adder have one thing in common and that is the addition, as both are combinational circuits and don’t need a memory, like sequential circuits.

FAQs

What Is An Adder In PCB?

The digital circuits have different benefits, and if their main focus is to provide an additional, it is called Adder. It has two types, including the half adder and the full adder, depending on its inputs and output. However, the output is called Sum and Carry.
Adder is used in different kinds of processors other than just computers. They are constructed for several numerical elements, such as binary code decimal or excess-3.

Is There Any Limitation Of A Half Adder?

Yes, the half adder has some limitations. Like, it cannot add the carry bit produced from the previous or old bit. So, the half adders can’t perform additions in the case of multiple bits.

What Is A Full Adder In PCB?

A full adder includes three inputs, such as A, B, and C which add three numbers for input, generating the Carry and Sum. Whereas the number of the outputs is two.

Where To Use A Half-Adder Circuit?

PCB with a half adder is used in calculators and digital devices. It has a simple design and you can convert it to a half subtractor.

How Many Types Of Combinational Circuits Are There?

The types of combinational circuits include the half adder, full adder, encoder, subtractor, decoder, multiplexer, and de-multiplexer.

What Are The Uses Of A Half Adder?

A half adder offers additions on the binary bits, and the logic unit and arithmetic lying in the computer need a half-adder circuit. Moreover, half-adder circuits when combined can produce full-adder circuits. The logic in designing calculators. So, the PCB in a calculator prefers a half-adder circuit. The half-adder circuits can also handle different digital circuits’ applications.

Wrap Up

A half adder is an electronic circuit that adds two binary numbers. So, two single binary numbers act as adders in this case. It can return the carry and the output, and the representation in practice involves the XOR and AND logic gates. There are two inputs in a half adder circuit, including A and B, generating the Sum and Carry. So, the number of outputs is also two in this case, like S and C.
Would like to know more about pcb fabrication? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

Flexible Circuit PCB Assembly

Flexible Circuit PCB Assembly

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It can be tricky to figure out what you need to know about flexible circuits assembly, especially since it’s not something many people are familiar with or have experience with. Flexible electronic assembly is one of the most innovative and useful circuit boards in the electronics world since it allows you to make low-profile electronic devices with multiple electronic components.
The Circuit board has different types, including a standard or rigid PCB, a flex PCB, and a flex-rigid PCB. Besides, these circuit boards are further divided into single-layer PCBs, double-layer PCBs, and multilayer PCBs.
A flexible circuit board has a flexible base, but the components are just like a rigid circuit board. However, you can turn a flex PCB into any shape while using it which means it is easy to bend.The following article will help you learn everything you need to know about flexible smt assembly so that you can get started working on your designs right away.
Before we move to the assembly of a flex PCB, we want to discuss its applications.

FPCB Applications

The FPCB is a vital part of electronic products that we use daily, such as desktop printers, hard disks, and several other devices. You would see the use of a flex circuit board in the below industries.

  • Medical industry
  • Consumer electronics
  • Communications industry
  • Military
  • Automotive industry
  • Aerospace industry
  • Transportation

Engineers use it in the transportation industry because flex PCBs are vibration-resistant and constant movement for several hours can’t damage them.

Choosing The Right Material And Processes

When it comes to choosing the right materials and processes for your flexible circuit board assembly, there are a few things you need to keep in mind.
First, consider the environment in which the board will be used. Will it be exposed to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures?
Second, think about the amount of flexibility you need. The more flexible the circuit, the more expensive it will be. Finally, consider the size and weight of the finished product.

What Are The Uses Of The Flex PCBs?

Every kind of circuit board has specific uses because it is an important part of different products, especially electronics. Designers preferflexible circuit boards for computers, mobile phones, and servers to make them more effective, less heavy, and more flexible. Though different devices have different shapes, functions, and sizes, they all include flexible circuit boards.
Let’s look at the main uses of flexible Printed Circuit Board
1-FPCB is Flexible

  • The flex circuit board is an elastic board that helps in placing it near folds or edges.
  • It is suitable for 3-axis connections due to its elasticity.
  • FPCB involves minimum wiring, whereas some applications don’t require any wiring at all. So, there are no wiring issues that make a device more reliable.

2-Flex PCB Reduces Weight and Space
Unlike rigid circuit boards, a flex PCB needs less space. According to engineers, it can save 60 percent of space, hence, its weight also decreases.
3-Flex PCB Reduces Connectors
If you use a flex PCB in a 3D design, it will eliminate or reduce connectors. Whereas the bending cycles go up to 200 000.
4-FPCB Eliminates Vibration
A flex PCB is very light which helps it absorb movements or vibrations. So, the vibrations can’t damage an FPCB. Moreover, the solder joints also stay safe.
5-Compatible With Tough Environments
You can use a flex circuit board in tougher environments due to its material. Its main materials are water-resistant, shock-resistant, heat-resistant, as well as corrosion, and oil-proof.
6-Thin layers
Flex PCB has thin layers on the inside which reduce its weight. The copper layers in an FPCB are heavy which if combined with thin layers becomes useful for high-power applications.

Types of Flex Circuit Board

A flex PC Board has different types, including single-sided, double-sided, multilayer flex, and rigid-flex circuit boards. Let’s look at their pros one by one.
Single-sided F PCB: It is economical, flexible, and has many bending cycles.
Double-sided F PCB: Its design is more flexible than others. Moreover, it saves space and provides dual-sided soldering.
Multilayer F PCB: It is lightweight and compact and its flexibility is more in a 3D design. It is compatible with blind and buried vias.
Rigid-flex circuit board: It helps have a long-lasting 3D application having stable parts, pins, heat streaks, etc. It reduces noise and enhances signal integrity.Besides, it is more reliable and offers better impedance.
It helps have minimum mechanical space and reduces the weight of the device. It is compatible with the HDI micro-via. It is economical and offers a flexible pcb design.
Some More Advantages
A flex PCB can give you many benefits, but mainly it enhances flexibility and saves space. Its assembly involves a few items that reduce its cost and manufacturing time.

  • A flex circuit board offers a high-heat dissipation.
  • It enhances the inner airflow.
  • It reduces the size and weight of the package.
  • It involves minimum assembly errors.
  • It reduces the inductance of wires.
  • A flex circuit board enhances the product’s looks.
  • The assembly time and cost of the FPCB are less in some cases.
Flexible Circuit PCB Assembly
Flexible Circuit PCB Assembly

Flexible Printed Circuit Board Assembly

The assembly of a flex PCB is the same as a rigid board except for a few changes due to certain technical needs. The assembly of a single-layer flex PCB consists of the following steps

  • BOM
  • Electrical testing
  • Punching process
  • FPCB baking process
  • Optical inspection
  • FQC process
  • Silkscreen printing process
  • Reflow soldering
  • Packaging process
  • Mounting process
  • Deep inspection

Flex To Rigid Surface
Since flex PCB is soft and gets deformed, it is hard to assemble it directly on SMT. So, engineers fix it on a hard surface such as a tray for the assembly process. The tray or a hard carrier should be well-intact to make assembly smooth.
Low-Density Assembly
Flex PCBs aremore costly than the rigid circuit board, so most of them are used for connecting different modules having different functions. So, the FPCB assembly involves fewer components in the case of low-density assembly. The quantity of the components ranges from 2 to 50 in this case.
Increased Panels
Manufacturers use many planes during FPCB assembly to enhance the process. A flexible circuit board is used in smart products, such as digital cameras and mobile phones, so a single board is too small. As it involves a few components, manufacturers use panels which are then removed through punching.
Use of Auxiliary Fixtures
Flexible PCB assembly involves auxiliary fixtures as it deforms easily. These fixtures include:

  • Baking fixture
  • Carrying tray for FPCB
  • Electrical and function test fixtures
  • Cutting Fixtures

High Demand for Quality
The devices with FPCB are used in an environment where the accuracy of control has to be high. So, the board components should be well-positioned to get compatible with a particular environment.One must focus on certain factors, such as anti-static precautions, cleanliness, and reliable soldering. It also involves several technical issues.
Increased Assembly Cost
A flex circuit board has a costly assembly compared to a rigid circuit board. It involves many fixtures which also increases its cost.Theassembly process takes more time than a rigid PCB. Moreover, the assembly involves lots of accessories and working labor because less equipment is used. Besides, the increased demand for high quality and flawless manufacturing environment also is the reason for the high cost.
However, as the flex circuit board’s application is increasing, so new technology and assembly methods emerge. Eventually, the assembly cost decreases due to less time and tools involved.
Choosing A Supplier
When it comes to choosing a supplier for your flexible circuits PCB assembly, there are a few things you need to take into account. First, you need to make sure that the supplier is reputable and has a good track record.
Second, you need to make sure that they have the necessary experience and expertise.
Third, you should ensure that they are able to meet your specific needs and requirements.
Fourth, you should see if they are able to provide you with a competitive price. Finally, you need to ensure that they can produce high-quality products at an efficient rate.
For example, some of the key considerations when selecting a supplier are quality control measures in place and their ability to adapt to changes in demand. To put this another way, if a company’s success relies on being able to keep up with production rates, it will be easier for them to fulfill orders if they’re accustomed to adjusting according to supply and demand than if they’re not. The same thing goes for quality control, as companies without established procedures may not be as adept at preventing defective products from reaching customers.

Final Words

Flexible circuits are used in a variety of products, from hearing aids to sports-related items like fitness trackers and smartwatches. They allow you to connect electronics into your home, and even onto your body, giving you easy access to valuable data and features. However, with all this flexibility comes the need for greater care in assembly than typical PCBs require. The designer must know about flexible circuits and PCB assembly to ensure the end product works correctly and lasts as long as possible.
Would like to know more about Flexible Circuit assembly or pcb assembly services? Email us at sales@pnconline.com

Ultimate Guide to PC Board Thickness

Ultimate Guide to PC Board Thickness

PC Board, PCB Design, PCB Fabrication, Printed Circuit Board, printed circuit board assembly, Printed Circuit board Fabrication, , , , ,

Printed circuit boards are vital parts of electronic technology and you have to focus on various factors to design or buy them. PCB thickness is the most important factor in this case. However, the weight, profile, and components of PCB also matter a lot.
PCB thickness can influence its function, affecting resistance and conductivity. The application of a circuit board determines its thickness and there are different levels of thickness in this regard.

A-Thickness Of A Standard PCB

A standard printed circuit board has different types, like one-sided having one layer of copper or double-sided boar with two layers of copper. Whereas multiple layers are also in practice. The double-sided PCB has a substrate layer between two layers.
Generally, a standard circuit board is 1.57mm or 0.0065 inches as it used to be the thickness of the plywood in old circuit boards. Later, multilayered PCBs emerged and the designer had to make their thickness according to the connectors. So, the designers need a standard thickness of 1.57mm.
The board thickness also ranges from 0.008 inches to 0.240 inches, and you can select any thickness between these figures to match the PCB application. You can give your requirements to the manufacturer or can hire an engineer to evaluate PCB thickness for a specific application.

Copper Thickness Of A Standard PCB

You also have to consider the copper thickness as it helps get the desired PC Board thickness and influences its function. Like, one square foot area of the circuit board needs an ounce of copper which becomes 1.37 mils. But, it can vary, depending on your needs according to the current that passes through the board.
Most circuits come up with 1oz copper i.e. equal to one ounce. However, it can be 2oz if the circuit board needs high currents. Designers often increase the track’s thickness which results in higher current points. Moreover, they don’t add anti-welding masks because they want to reinforce the track during assembly, like with tin.
Sometimes laminate manufacturers use an intermediate thickness of copper just to lower the price, like 0.75 oz. But, such a practice is technically not so good. Experts don’t recommend this because the PCB thickness also reduces during mechanical or chemical cleaning. The popular copper thickness is 0.5oz, like in the case of two-sided laminates.

Trace Thickness In PCB

You have to specify the trace thickness while making the Gerber files to avoid overheating. Trace thickness is the trace width that can tolerate the temperature difference ranging from the standard to maximum operating temperatures. In other words, the trace width should be enough to bear increased temperatures. Besides, PCB width calculators are available to find the trace width.

 

Ultimate Guide to PC Board Thickness
Thickness guide of PC Board

B-FR4 Thickness Of A Standard PCB

FR4 is the flame retardant material which is a fiberglass sheet with epoxy lamination. FR4 shows the quality of the laminate in PCB. Generally, it’s the base material for Printed Circuit board Fabrication.
The rigidity occurs due to epoxy that resists fire, and engineers prefer it for its low cost. The dielectric strength of FR4 is high, moreover, it is lightweight and also resists heat and water. So, they are compatible with different environments.
The FR4 thickness lies between 3 and 10 inches, and it can cause an increase in PCB thickness. You have to evaluate the FR4 thickness by considering the board components and space.
Design Parameters of an FR4 Board Thickness
Generally, the designers prefer thick boards because thin FR4 boards get damaged faster, especially when they are large, besides, the grooves are missing. Whereas thicker boards provide more flexibility and also include grooves.
Should Be Flexible
Thin circuit boards are more flexible than heavy or thick boards, especially in the medical field’s control unit. But, thinner circuit boards cause lots of issues during soldering that results in bending. Eventually, several other components also get curved, damaging a board’s connections.
Compatible Impedance
PCB thickness is crucial while constructing multilayer boards became you have to match the impedance. Besides, you also have to consider each layer’s capacitance. The board won’t function if its impedance is not compatible.
Edge Connectors
The edge connectors also directly influence the PCB thickness, especially when there is FR4. An incompatible mating part of the connectors can result in PCB damage. So, you must be clear about materials before PCB manufacturing.
PCB Weight
More thickness means more weight and increased shipping costs. So, you have to keep in mind the weight of the circuit board that determines the weight of the final product. Experts find thinner layers better than the others, however, one should go for a standard PCB thickness.
C- Core Thickness of Standard PCB
The core is a PCB layer having FR4 between copper layers or foils. The core of a standard PCB involves certain items of which copper should be precise. It’s a fiber mesh layer having resin, moreover, it has incurred FR4 as well.
The core thickness of the standard PCB becomes hard to select during a multilayer PCB design. However, sometimes PCB remains effective even if the core thickness is not compatible. But, the end product should perform high for which PCB should have accurate thickness. The designer must consider this factor and share the right details with the manufacturer.
The weight of the core thickness goes from 1 to 3 ounces depending on the requirements. The weight also includes copper layers that can be on both sides. However, if both sides’ weight differs, it would cause additional expenses and poor results. The core thickness with the desired copper weight is also possible through pre-preg sheets.
D-Two-Layered PCB Thickness
Printed circuit boards with multiple layers are getting popular these days. They include glass fabric based on epoxy having copper coils. A multi-layered PCB can bear high loads, however, its thickness remains only 63mm.
Complex PCBs need wiring, resulting in more layers, so PCB thickness becomes up to 93mm. The thickness of a standard PCB also gets influenced by foil lamination, if the lamination consists of 4 layers, 0.031 would be the PCB thickness. The thickness would become 0.062 if the foil lamination includes 6 layers.
Likewise, the thickness becomes 0.062 to 0.125 for 8 to 10-layer PCB. Your requirements can also demand half, one, or two-ounce copper foil.
PCB Thickness Allowance
Also known as PCB thickness allowance, it is the tolerance for PCB manufacturing substances. It can be more or less than the average amount of material. Designers consider certain parameters for it, such as the IPC guidelines. Such design parameters help manufacturers have the flexibility to develop a circuit board that performs well.

FAQs

What Is The Importance Of Knowing PCB Thickness?
You have to focus on the circuit board thickness because both electronic devices and boards have a tendency to shrink. So the board has to be thin and lightweight to help manufacturers place it into the device. The weight of the final product also matters as thicker circuit boards can increase the weight of the device, resulting in increased shipping costs.
How Many Layers Are There In A Standard PCB fabrication?
There are various types of standard printed circuit boards, including one-sided having one layer of copper or double-sided board with two layers of copper. There is also PCB with more than two layers called a multi-layered PCB.
What Is FR4 In A Standard PCB?
FR4 is the flame retardant material which is a fiberglass sheet with epoxy lamination. FR4 shows the quality of the laminate in PCB. Generally, it’s the base material of a rigid circuit board.
What Is Core Thickness In A Standard PCB?
PCB layer with FR4 between copper layers or foils is known as the core. The core of a standard PCB consists of various elements, including copper that has to be accurate. PCB core is a fiber mesh layer having resin, moreover, it has incurred FR4 as well.
What To Consider While Designing A Standard PCB?
Designers have to focus on various factors to design or buy a printed circuit board. PCB thickness is the most important factor, but the weight, profile, and components of PCB also matter a lot.
What is Trace Thickness In PCB?
Trace thickness is the trace width that can tolerate the temperature difference ranging from the standard to maximum operating temperatures. You have to specify the trace thickness while making the Gerber files to avoid overheating.

Wrap Up

Now, you know how important it is to consider PCB thickness in different ways. PCB thickness can influence its function, affecting resistance and conductivity. The application of a circuit board determines its thickness and there are different levels of thickness in this regard. You can have a good circuit board by choosing the board thickness wisely, depending on its application.
Would like to know more about printed circuit board assembly? Email us at sales@pnconline.com