No single printed circuit assembly [1] testing system will meet all the requirements of every manufacturing environment. PNC employees the three most commonly used testing methods for defect detection being Functional Test (FCT), In circuit Testing (ICT) and Flying probe testing. Each test method will have different results based on your test strategy. Your testing strategy must be developed with consideration to many factors such as reliability, cost or functionality traits. The key here is to detect defective boards and catch issues prior to end usage. Some considerations like opens, shorts, resistance, capacitance, inductance, diode issues, detecting incorrect component values, ...